Hydraulic Flow in a Smart Watering System

Abstract

The agricultural sector continues to rely on efficient and economical water use to meet increasing demand and ensure availability. Irrigation systems, such as smart watering systems, play a crucial role in fulfilling plant water needs. This study focuses on capillary irrigation, a system that delivers water from a main reservoir to plant reservoirs through outlet holes and hose channels, allowing water to be absorbed via capillary axes. On a household scale, this system can be effectively developed and optimized. The research was conducted on spinach plants using a treatment design method with two capillary axes, incorporating a water control system to regulate water flow from the main reservoir. Parameters measured included water use, water loss, and root fresh weight.  The results showed daily evaporation under normal conditions from days 1 to 10, with a significant increase observed from day 12 until harvest. The main reservoir, measuring 46 cm in length and 31 cm in width, had an upper water level limit of 13 cm and a lower limit of 9 cm from the bottom. Over the study period, the water level decreased by up to 9.8 cm. The fresh weight of the spinach plants increased from 0 grams on day 1 to 21.23 grams on day 13 and reached 37.12 grams at harvest on day 28. The study highlights the potential of capillary irrigation as an efficient water management solution for small-scale agriculture, emphasizing its ability to optimize water use while supporting plant growth. This research contributes to the development of sustainable irrigation practices, particularly in resource-limited settings, by demonstrating the effectiveness of capillary systems in reducing water loss and improving crop yield.