Cirebon Annual Interdisciplinary International Conference
CALL FOR PAPERS Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati Cirebon proudly present CIREBON ANNUAL INTERDISCIPLINARY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (CAIIC) Theme: Enhancing Law, Social Science, and Technology Innovation based on Local Wisdom for the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Sub-Theme: Engineering Sustainable Technology for urban Infrastuctur Development. Technology Innovation for Waste Management. Development of Renewable Energy Based on Local Wisdom. Environmentally Friendly Technology for Sustainable Construction. Sustainable Water Resources Management. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Infrastructure Projects. Sustainable urban and regional development. Disaster Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation based on Science and Local Wisdom. Agriculture Sustainable Land and Water Management. Sustainable Utilization of Biological Resources. The Role of Agribusiness in Sustainable Development. Agricultural Technology Innovation Based on Local Wisdom. Law science Regulation of Sustainable Technology and Innovation. Human Rights Protection and Sustainable Development. Public Policy Development for Sustainable Development. Social and Political Community Participation in Sustainable Development. Social Conflict Management in the Context of Sustainable Development. Education and Public Awareness on Sustainable Development. Social and Political Policy Development for Sustainable Development. Social Technology Innovation in the Context of Sustainable Development. Education and Science Technology Utilization in Sustainable Learning. Development of Teaching Methods Based on Local Wisdom. Development of Collaborative Learning Model. Economics and Business Development of Sustainable Business Model Based on Local Wisdom. Financial Technology Innovation for Sustainable Development. Market Analysis and Sustainable Marketing Strategy.
Juridical Analysis of the Regulatory Framework for Digital Platforms in Indonesia: Legal Liability, Business Competition, and Sustainability
The evolution of digital technology has introduced various platforms that are reforming social, economic, and communication interactions in Indonesia. This transformation presents significant regulatory challenges, particularly concerning personal data protection, platform accountability for illegal content, and the enforcement of healthy business competition. Regulatory gaps risk impeding the protection of public rights while simultaneously stifling innovation. This research employs a normative juridical approach, utilizing literature review and legal document analysis techniques. The primary sources examined include the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) and its amendments, Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019 concerning Trading through Electronic Systems (PMSE), and Law No. 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (PDP Law). The analysis focuses on norm harmonization, regulatory overlap, and the potential for conflict among the relevant regulations governing digital platforms. The findings indicate that while Indonesia possesses a basic regulatory framework for governing digital platform activities, the existing regulations remain sectoral and fragmented. There is an observed overlap of authority, a lack of integrated governance mechanisms, and loopholes in data protection and platform accountability mechanisms regarding illegal content. This situation risks generating legal uncertainty for users, digital business actors, and regulators alike. The analysis confirms the necessity of a regulatory reform based on a holistic approach that aligns aspects of data protection, freedom of expression, platform responsibility, and competition policy. The principal recommendation is the formulation of a specific, dedicated law or a comprehensive revision of the existing framework to establish legal certainty, enhance platform accountability, and foster a fair and sustainable digital ecosystem.
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Legal Protection of Licensee Holders Responding to Trademark Cancellation From The Perspective of Legal Certainty
Economic and technological developments encourage increasingly diverse business competition, so brands are needed to differentiate goods or services. Trademarks must be registered to gain legal protection, and allow their owners to grant permission to use through a license agreement. Through a trademark license, the trademark owner can expand his or her business reach, while the licensee acquires the right to use the trademark in commercial activities. However, problems arise when the trademark that is the object of the license agreement is canceled, either through a court decision or an administrative decision. This creates legal uncertainty for licensees who have acted in good faith and legally executed the agreement. This research aims to analyze the legal protection for licensees for trademark cancellation from the perspective of legal certainty. This research method uses a normative juridical. The concludes of the research show that regulations regarding trademark licensing in Indonesia still have legal gap related to the consequences of trademark cancellation, thus creating uncertainty and potentially harming licensees in good faith.
Legal Recognition of Nadran Local Wisdom and Socio-Legal Study of Social Control of Communal Rights of the Coastal Community of Cirebon
This study examines the socio-legal aspects of the Nadran Tradition, which forms the basis of the local wisdom of the coastal communities of Cirebon, and its implications for strengthening collective rights in marine resource management. Using a sociological legal approach, this study examines how customary norms that thrive in a spirit of togetherness function as a management tool and behavioral guide for the community to achieve ecological justice and sustainability. The findings show that the Nadran Tradition effectively strengthens collective rights and builds social control mechanisms and active participation, where its effectiveness in preserving the sea is equal to or even exceeds that of formal legal instruments recognized by the state. However, a significant normative gap was found, in which the Coastal Zone Management Law does not clearly recognize this customary law as the basis for collective management, thus marginalizing the Nadran Tradition in the formal legal system. To address this gap, this study recommends the need for transformative legal recognition through the creation of a Regional Regulation (Perda) that explicitly establishes and integrates Nadran as a legal instrument in marine resource management. This recommendation is crucial to provide legal certainty, strengthen the legitimacy of community collective rights, and ensure the achievement of sustainable and equitable environmental management.
Building a Sustainable Digital Economy Legal Framework: Challenge Analysis and Implementation Strategy
The rapid development of digital technology has significantly transformed the economic landscape in Indonesia, creating both opportunities and challenges for the legal framework governing digital economic activities. This study aims to analyze the challenges and strategies for implementing a sustainable legal framework for the digital economy in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach with secondary data, the research examines regulatory gaps, consumer protection, data privacy, cybersecurity, fair competition, and digital labor issues. The findings indicate that the fast-paced evolution of digital platforms often outpaces the capacity of existing laws, leading to legal uncertainty for businesses and users. Furthermore, the absence of comprehensive regulations may result in consumer vulnerability, data misuse, market monopolization, and exploitation of gig economy workers. To address these challenges, the study suggests strategies such as developing adaptive and responsive regulations, strengthening data governance and consumer protection, enhancing labor rights in the digital sector, improving institutional capacity, and promoting digital literacy among the public. By adopting these measures, Indonesia can build a sustainable digital economic ecosystem that ensures fairness, security, innovation, and long-term socio-economic benefits. The research emphasizes the importance of a holistic, inclusive, and forward-looking legal framework to support the growth and sustainability of the digital economy
Effectiveness of Environmental Law Enforcement in Illegal Mining Cases: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions
Illegal mining has become one of the most serious environmental issues in Indonesia because it causes ecosystem destruction, endangers community safety, and reduces potential state revenues. This research is important to assess the extent to which environmental law enforcement can address the problem of illegal mining, which continues to grow despite the implementation of various regulations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of law enforcement against illegal mining practices, identify the factors contributing to weak enforcement, and formulate sustainable legal solutions. The method used is library research through the analysis of legislation, academic literature, official government reports, and court decisions related to illegal mining. The findings indicate that law enforcement remains ineffective due to weak monitoring, regulatory disharmony, overlapping institutional authorities, and sanctions that fail to create a deterrent effect. In addition, local economic–political interests further undermine enforcement effectiveness. This study concludes that successful environmental law enforcement requires ecological-based regulatory reforms, strengthened integrated monitoring systems, enhanced transparency in law enforcement processes, and the adoption of collaborative approaches involving the government, communities, and the private sector. These reforms are essential to achieving a more just and sustainable management of natural resources.
A Systematic Literature Review Examining the Relationship Between Work–Life Balance and Employee Performance, With A Focus on Psychological Mediators and Organizational and Digital Contextual Moderators in Contemporary Work Environments
This study aims to analyze the relationship between work–life balance (WLB) and employee performance through a systematic literature review approach. The review was conducted by examining scholarly publications from various reputable databases using the PRISMA protocol and was analyzed through content analysis and thematic synthesis. The synthesis results indicate that WLB positively influences employee performance both directly and indirectly through psychological mechanisms, particularly employee well-being, work engagement, and burnout. In addition, organizational support and work flexibility were found to strengthen this relationship, while digital-era risk factors such as telepressure and hyper-connectivity have the potential to weaken it. This study contributes to the development of a multidimensional conceptual framework of WLB by highlighting the role of mediating and moderating variables, as well as enriching the understanding of digital well-being in the context of modern work. Practical implications emphasize the importance of structured flexibility policies, employee well-being interventions, and enhanced supervisor support in improving productivity and performance sustainability. Recommendations are provided for further empirical research and the development of HR policies that are adaptive to changes in digital and hybrid work patterns.
Preference to Use Gold Based Financial Product : Case Study Bandung, West Java
This study aims to analyze the adoption behavior of Indonesian society towards gold-based financial products—specifically Gold Savings, Gold Installments, and Gold Pawns—through the integrated lenses of financial inclusion and Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory. These products, supported by digital technology (especially for savings and installments), represent a significant innovation bridging traditional store-of-value concepts with modern financial accessibility. A quantitative survey of 173 purposively sampled respondents in Bandung reveals a clear hierarchy of preference and adoption. Gold Savings is the most dominant product (61.85%), followed by Gold Installments (24.86%) and Gold Pawn (13.29%). Analysis using the five DOI dimensions shows that the Relative Advantage dimension consistently scores the highest (mean=4.20 for Gold Savings), while Complexity is perceived as the lowest barrier across all products. A critical and novel finding is the identification of a significant gap between formal financial access (97.11% are bank customers) and the adoption of these specific innovative products (only 56.65% are adopters). This gap highlights that true financial inclusion requires moving beyond mere account ownership to active usage of diverse financial instruments. The study concludes with strategic implications for policymakers and financial service providers, emphasizing the need to design inclusive products that highlight clear advantages, ensure simplicity, and align with local financial behaviors and technological readiness.
Reconstruction Accountability Criminal Prosecution of Midwives in Emergency Cases Midwifery Based Lex Specialis Principles of Health Law
Obstetric emergency services often place midwives in ethical-legal dilemmas with risks of criminal prosecution. The dualism between Law No. 1/2023 (Criminal Code) as lex generalis and Law No. 17/2023 (Health Law) as lex specialis creates legal uncertainty in professional fault assessment. Objective: This study aims to analyze the inconsistencies of general criminal law in emergency cases and reconstruct a model for midwife criminal liability based on the lex specialis principle. Method: This normative legal research employs statutory, conceptual, and philosophical approaches. Discussion: The results indicate that the Criminal Code tends to overlook medical necessity (noodtoestand) and professional standards. The Health Law provides legal immunity through Article 275 for emergency actions following standards. Conclusion: Midwife criminal liability must be reconstructed hierarchically. Criminal sanctions should only be applied to gross negligence (culpa lata), while minor negligence (culpa levis) in emergencies should be resolved via disciplinary or civil mechanisms. Fault assessment must refer to Professional Standards and Emergency SOPs as the primary benchmarks.
The Influence of Motivation and Work Discipline on Employee Performance at Super Uun Roof Tile Factory, Majalengka Regency
Employee performance refers to the quality and quantity of work achieved by employees in carrying out their duties in accordance with the responsibilities assigned to them. The success of a company is strongly influenced by the level of its employees’ performance. Two important factors that affect employee performance are motivation and work discipline. This study aims to analyze the conditions of motivation, work discipline, and employee performance, as well as to examine the effect of motivation and work discipline, both partially and simultaneously, on employee performance at the Super Uun Roof Tile Factory in Majalengka Regency. This study employs a survey method with descriptive and verificative approaches. The research sample consists of 73 employees selected using a saturated sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis includes classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, coefficient of determination, t-test, and F-test using SPSS. The results show that the coefficient of determination is 54.91%, indicating that motivation and work discipline contribute 54.91% to employee performance, while the remaining 45.09% is influenced by other factors. Hypothesis testing proves that motivation and work discipline have a positive and significant effect on employee performance.
The Influence of Leadership Style and Corporate Culture to The Employee Performance in Segitiga Soy Sauce Factory Majalengka Regency
This study aims to determine the influence of leadership style and organizational culture on employee performance at the Segitiga Soy Sauce Factory in Majalengka Regency, both simultaneously and partially. In this study, the independent variables are leadership style (X1) and organizational culture (X2), while the dependent variable is employee performance (Y). The sampling technique used was non-probability sampling. The data used in this study were primary data. A questionnaire was used as the data collection technique. The data analysis techniques used in this study were classical assumption test analysis, multiple linear regression, and hypothesis testing (t-test and F-test). The results of the study processed with the SPSS Version 21 for Windows program showed that the R Square value of 0.681 means that 68.1%, employee performance variables can be explained by independent variables in the research of leadership style and organizational culture while the remaining 31.9% is explained by other variables that are not studied or not included in this regression model. The results of the simultaneous test (F test) show a significance value of 0.000 <0.05, leadership style (X1) and organizational culture (X2) simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on employee performance (Y) at the Segitiga Soy Sauce Factory in Majalengka Regency. The results of the partial test (T-Test) show that the significance value of leadership style (X1) is 0.093 > 0.05, the t-value is 1.742 < t-table 1.70113, meaning that leadership style does not affect employee performance (Y), the significance value of organizational culture (X2) is 0.002 <0.05, the t-value is 3.494 > t-table 1.70113, meaning that organizational culture has a positive and significant effect on employee performance (Y) at the Segitiga Soy Sauce Factory in Majalengka Regency.
Production of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) Based on Leaves, Fruit Peel, Bamboo Shoots, and Free-Range Chicken Manure
Continuous use of inorganic fertilizers without the addition of organic fertilizers can lead to an imbalance of nutrients in the soil, damage to soil structure, and a decrease in soil microbiology. Self-sufficiency in making Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) from cheap and abundant natural materials is intended to counteract the negative effects of continuous chemical fertilizer use, in order to maintain soil fertility and the ecosystem. Papaya leaves, guava leaves, and teak leaves are rich in N, P, and K as well as essential microelements; banana and pineapple peels serve as sources of potassium and carbohydrates; free-range chicken manure is rich in macro (NPK) and micro nutrients; bamboo shoots are sources of growth hormones and microorganisms. The experimental aims to utilize these solid materials in the production of liquid organic fertilizer. All solid materials are chopped into small pieces and then blended alternately with a molasses solution (1kg of papaya leaves, 1kg of guava leaves, 1kg of teak leaves, 1kg of banana peels, 1kg of pineapple peels, 1kg of bamboo shoots), then mixed with 1 liter of coconut water, 1 liter of rice water decoction, and 250 ml of EM-4 bio activator, as well as 10 liters of pure water in a 40-liter capacity bucket to undergo anaerobic fermentation for approximately 14 days. The result obtained is an organic liquid fertilizer (LOF) with a brown or dark color, a characteristic fermentation aroma, and containing N, P, K, and growth hormones for fertilizing various types of vegetables and plants.
A Legal Political Review of The Recognition Status and Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Environmental Governance in Cirebon
The persistent shortcomings in the recognition of Indigenous Peoples across various regions of Indonesia, including Cirebon, reveal a significant discrepancy between the normative framework established in national legislation and its practical implementation at the local level. In Cirebon, the presence of local communities that continue to uphold traditional practices, social structures, and ecological knowledge has not been accompanied by legal acknowledgement through regional policy instruments. This absence of regulatory support leaves customary rights particularly communal land rights and traditional environmental management rights insufficiently protected, thereby limiting the role of indigenous communities in advancing sustainable environmental governance. This study aims to examine the legal politics underlying the recognition status of Indigenous Peoples in Cirebon and to analyze the extent to which their rights are protected within the framework of environmental governance. The analysis assesses the alignment between constitutional provisions and sectoral laws including the 1945 Constitution, the Forestry Law, the Environmental Protection and Management Law, and the Village Law and the regulatory arrangements at the regional level. It further evaluates the significance of local wisdom as an ecological foundation for community-based environmental stewardship. The research employs a normative juridical methodology, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and vertical synchronization approaches. Data were analyzed through an extensive review of literature and regulatory documents. The findings demonstrate that despite the existence of a robust national legal framework for indigenous recognition, the Cirebon regional government has yet to adopt regulations that explicitly regulate the identification, verification, and formal designation of Indigenous Peoples. Consequently, recognition remains declarative and non-institutionalized, failing to effectively enhance local community participation in environmental governance. The study concludes that regional legal reform particularly the enactment of a regional regulation recognizing Indigenous Peoples is essential to ensure legal certainty and to promote ecologically just environmental governance.
Managerial Innovation Based on Local Culture in Developing The Competence of Lecturers and Educational Staff at Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati (UGJ)
This study aims to analyze the integration of Cirebon local cultural values into managerial innovation as a strategy to enhance the competencies of lecturers and educational staff at Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati (UGJ). In the context of the globalization of higher education, regional universities face the dual challenge of adapting to global standards while preserving their local cultural identity. This study employs a qualitative literature review approach by examining more than 50 scholarly sources, including nationally indexed journals (SINTA 1–3), internationally reputable journals indexed in Scopus (Q1–Q5), and relevant academic books in the fields of human resource management, organizational innovation, and work culture. The findings indicate that Cirebon local cultural values—such as gotong royong (mutual cooperation), unggah-ungguh (ethical conduct and respect), honesty, and social responsibility—have significant potential to serve as a foundation for developing a humanistic and context-sensitive managerial system within higher education institutions. The integration of these values strengthens the social, pedagogical, and professional competencies of lecturers and educational staff through collaborative mechanisms, community-based innovation, and active participation in decision-making processes. Therefore, a managerial innovation model grounded in local wisdom not only enhances institutional competitiveness but also contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in the pillars of quality education and social equity.
Legal Responsibility of The Pharmacist in Absentia in Pharmaceutical Services
Quality pharmaceutical services must be led by a Pharmacist. However, the practice of a pharmacist in absentia (the physical absence of the supervising pharmacist during service provision) is still prevalent, particularly in certain pharmaceutical facilities. This study aims to analyze and identify the legal consequences and responsibilities of the supervising pharmacist for pharmaceutical services rendered while they are not physically present. The method employed is a normative legal research through a literature study of relevant laws and regulations. The results indicate that, despite their absence, the pharmacist retains delegated responsibility and strict liability, especially concerning the fulfillment of quality standards and patient safety. Provisions within Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and its implementing regulations stipulate that pharmaceutical services are a healthcare effort that must be performed in accordance with professional standards. Violations arising during a pharmacist's in absentia can result in administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions for the supervising pharmacist and/or the assisting Pharmaceutical Technical Staff (PTS) on duty.
Production of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Using Shallot Peels through EM4-assisted Fermentation
Shallot peels represent a common household organic waste that contains many useful compounds for liquid plant fertilizer by producing a liquid organic fertilizer derived from shallot peels, based on the composition given by Istigfarin and Abror [8]. The liquid fertilizer is prepared using 500 grams of shallot peels, 25 mL of EM4 as a microbial starter, and 34 grams of sugar as a fermentation substrate. The mixture is then fermented for 14–28 days to allow microbial decomposition and nutrient release. The resulting liquid fertilizer, when applied at an optimal concentration, can improve plant growth performance. Ernis et al. [5] have also shown that shallot peel fertilizer contains N, P, K, and organic C elements, as well as micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, and Cu in trace amounts.
Economic Loss Potential of Cherry Tomato Pest Attacks based on Light Trap Data in Lembang
Cherry tomato is a high-value horticultural crop in Indonesia, yet its productivity is frequently threatened by pest attacks that may cause economic losses. In many production areas, pest control decisions are still applied preventively without adequate population monitoring, leading to inefficiency and unnecessary production costs. This study aimed to assess the potential economic losses caused by pest attacks on cherry tomato, determine site-specific Economic Injury Level (EIL) and Economic Threshold (ET), and evaluate the economic feasibility of pest control using a Benefit–Cost Ratio (B/C) approach based on light trap data. The study was conducted from October to November 2025 on a 300 m² cherry tomato field (850 plants) in Cibodas Village, Lembang District, West Java. Pest populations were monitored using light traps over eight observation periods. Economic analysis was performed by integrating yield loss, control costs, EIL, ET, and B/C ratio calculations. Results showed that a total of 164 insects (such as Spodoptera, Mythimna, Lyriomiza, etc) were recorded, causing cumulative crop damage of only 0.492% and yield loss of 4.92 kg, equivalent to an economic loss of IDR 49,200 per 300 m². The calculated EIL and ET were 32,500 and 26,000 insects per 300 m², respectively. Observed pest populations were far below these thresholds. The B/C ratio of chemical control was 0.0757, indicating that pest control was not economically viable. The study concludes that, during the early growth stage, pest management through intensive monitoring without chemical intervention is the most rational and economically efficient strategy, supporting Integrated Pest Management principles and sustainable horticultural production.
Criminalization of Activists in Indonesia: A Serious Challenge to The Protection of Freedom of Opinion in A Democratic Country
The criminalization of activists is a phenomenon that is increasingly prominent in the dynamics of Indonesian democracy. Various cases show that activists who voice criticism of the government, corporations, or public policies often face legal threats, especially through the use of rubber articles such as the Electronic Information and Transaction Act (UU ITE) as well as a number of other criminal provisions. This research aims to analyze the forms of criminalization of activists, identify the causative factors, and examine the impact on freedom of expression as a constitutional right of citizens. This research analyzes the practice of criminalizing activists and its implications for guaranteeing freedom of expression in democratic countries. Based on the results of a legal-normative study conducted through the analysis of laws and regulations, legal doctrines, and studies of several cases of criminalization of activists in Indonesia. This study found that the practice of criminalization not only reflects the weakness of legal protection, but also shows the imbalance in power relations between the state and civil society. The main impact is seen in the increasing culture of fear, limiting the space for public criticism, and eroding the quality of democracy. This research confirms the need for regulatory reform, strengthening law enforcement accountability mechanisms, and civil society support to ensure that freedom of expression remains guaranteed as a fundamental pillar in a democratic state.
Legal Disharmony in The Protection of Child Victims of Sexual Violence in Indonesia: A Dignified Justice Perspective
Sexual violence against children constitutes a grave violation of human rights and human dignity, requiring a criminal law response that is not merely repressive but also protective and restorative. Although Indonesia has enacted various legal instruments governing the protection of child victims of sexual violence including the Child Protection Act, the Sexual Violence Crimes Act, the former Criminal Code, and the 2023 National Criminal Code, empirical data over the past five years indicate that regulatory expansion has not been accompanied by effective victim protection and recovery. This study aims to critically analyze the normative disharmony within legal frameworks governing the protection of child victims of sexual violence, examine its implications for the effectiveness of victim recovery within criminal justice practice, and formulate a model for harmonizing child criminal law based on the paradigm of Dignified Justice oriented toward victim-centered justice. Employing a critical normative legal research method enriched with secondary empirical data, this study applies statutory, conceptual, and limited comparative approaches, using qualitative normative-argumentative analysis of legislation, court decisions, reports from child protection institutions, and internationally reputable literature from the past five years. The findings reveal three major structural problems: the disharmony in definitions of sexual violence reflecting a paradigm conflict between retributive–moralistic and victim-rights-based approaches; inconsistencies in sentencing systems that undermine legal certainty and equality before the law; and the absence of binding obligations for victim recovery, resulting in a criminal law framework that is effectively pseudo–victim-centered. This study concludes that reform of child criminal law in Indonesia must be directed toward paradigmatic harmonization that places victim recovery and the recognition of human dignity as the primary objectives of criminal law, enabling the criminal justice system to deliver substantive justice and sustainable protection for child victims of sexual violence.
Entrepreneurial Orientation and Customer Orientation MSMES in The Digital Age: The Mediating Role of Digital Marketing Innovation
This study aims to analyze the effect of customer orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on the performance of culinary MSMEs in the City of Bandung, West Java Province, with digital marketing innovation serving as an intervening variable. The research employed an explanatory research approach using both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 100 Culinary MSMEs owners in Bandung, selected using a purposive sampling technique. Secondary data was obtained from journals and relevant literature related to the research topic. The data analysis technique used was Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares (PLS). The results indicate that customer orientation has a positive and significant effect on MSME performance. Entrepreneurial orientation also has a positive and significant effect on MSME performance. In addition, digital marketing innovation has a positive and significant effect on MSME performance. Customer orientation and entrepreneurial orientation are both found to have a positive and significant influence on digital marketing innovation. Furthermore, the mediation analysis shows that digital marketing innovation significantly mediates the relationship between customer orientation and MSME performance, as well as between entrepreneurial orientation and MSME performance. This study concludes that customer orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and digital marketing innovation play an important role in improving the performance of culinary MSMEs in Bandung City, both through direct and indirect mechanisms. Overall, customer orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and digital marketing innovation can be key factors in improving the performance of culinary MSMEs in the City of Bandung, West Java Province.
Eco-Enzyme Liquid Fertilizer Trial Using Fruit Peels and Unused Fruit: A Sustainable Agricultural Solution
The utilization of organic waste as eco-enzyme liquid fertilizer serves as a strategic solution for waste reduction while providing environmentally friendly plant nutrients. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various fruit peels (pineapple, avocado, dragon fruit, mango, soursop, and banana) as raw materials for eco-enzyme production through a three-month anaerobic fermentation process assisted by Local Microorganisms (MOL). The research method employed a 10:1:3 ratio (water : coconut sugar : fruit peel waste) within a closed fermentation system. The results indicated that the resulting eco-enzyme was physically clear brownish in color with a distinctive fruit fermentation aroma and an acidity level (pH) of 3.5. Application tests on plants showed significant results, where a 10% concentration of the solution increased plant height by 15% and accelerated the emergence of new shoots compared to the control group. These findings confirm that the combination of various tropical fruit peels produces a liquid fertilizer with complex nutritional content effective for supporting vegetative plant growth. This study proves that fruit peel waste can be processed into high-value products that support sustainable agricultural systems.
The Rights of Medical Personnel Participants in The Specialist Doctor Education Program (PPDS) in Health Services from The Perspective of A Welfare Law State
This study discusses the Rights of Medical Personnel Participants in the Specialist Doctor Education Program (PPDS) in Health Services in the Perspective of the Welfare Law State, service rewards for Doctors participating in the Specialist Doctor Education Program (PPDS) which have not provided legal benefits, because in the field there are no regulations that translate or explain further regarding how to provide such service rewards, for example: the mechanism for dividing authority and responsibility in providing service rewards, the party responsible for providing service rewards, and the amount of service rewards. So that the implementation of service rewards for participating doctors has not been realized. The formulation of the problems to be studied are as follows: 1) How is the implementation of the responsibility for providing service rewards to doctors participating in the Specialist Doctor Education Program (PPDS) reviewed from Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health; 2) How are efforts to realize legal certainty for doctors participating in the Specialist Doctor Education Program (PPDS) in an effort to fulfill rights regarding the provision of service rewards. This research uses a normative juridical approach with a qualitative analysis of laws and regulations, legal doctrine, and legal principles relevant to this research, namely the Rights of Medical Personnel and Doctors Participating in the Specialist Medical Education Program (PPDS) in Health Services from the Perspective of a Welfare State. The state, through the Ministry of Health, needs to immediately strengthen regulations as a basis for granting compensation rights to participants in the Specialist Medical Education Program (PPDS), enforce compliance standards with the Labor Law and the Health Law, and ensure that participants in the Specialist Medical Education Program (PPDS) receive adequate protection and welfare as an investment in future human resources in the health sector, in accordance with the principles of a welfare state.
Free Nutritious Meals in The Perspective of Public Policy Implementation
The Free Nutritious Meal Program is one of the Indonesian government’s strategic policies aimed at improving public health quality and learning capacity, particularly among students and vulnerable groups. This program has attracted considerable attention due to issues related to budget readiness, logistical distribution, and the government’s capacity to ensure accurate targeting. From the perspective of public policy implementation, the Free Nutritious Meal Program faces complex challenges, including inter-agency coordination, local government readiness, and disparities in infrastructure capacity across regions. This study aims to analyze the Free Nutritious Meal Program from the perspective of public policy implementation. The research employs a qualitative method through a literature review of books, academic journals, regulations, and official reports. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Data validity was strengthened through source triangulation. The findings indicate that the implementation of the Free Nutritious Meal policy still encounters several obstacles, namely: (1) suboptimal coordination among stakeholders; (2) limited resources, particularly budget, implementing personnel, and distribution facilities; (3) disparities in local government capacity leading to unequal service quality; and (4) weak supervision mechanisms that potentially result in inefficiencies and deviations. Therefore, continuous evaluation is required to strengthen governance, improve distribution systems, and enhance monitoring and evaluation to ensure effective and sustainable program implementation.
Occupational Safety And Health (OSH) for Subcontractors and Daily Casual Workers in Indonesian Construction
The construction industry has one of the highest rates of occupational accidents in Indonesia. Ironically, the majority of the construction workforce consists of subcontractors and casual workers (PHL), who tend to work without adequate job protection. This article aims to examine legal gaps in OHS protection for these groups of workers, analyse risk patterns and implementation barriers, and provide policy recommendations to strengthen the OHS protection system comprehensively. The research employs a normative-juridical approach combined with empirical-juridical (socio-legal) elements. The normative approach examines the regulatory aspects and legal doctrines that govern occupational safety and health (OHS) in the construction sector, with a particular focus on the protection of subcontractors and casual workers. The empirical approach involves understanding field practices through case studies of workplace accidents, investigative reports and the actual conditions of labour structures in construction projects. The study reveals that, despite having a relatively comprehensive OSH regulatory framework, Indonesia's protection for subcontractors and casual workers remains inadequate due to weak implementation and oversight. These legal gaps include the absence of explicit obligations for main contractors to supervise subcontractor OSH, a lack of specific regulations for casual workers, gaps in OSH supervision, an absence of a project worker registration system and minimum training standards. Strengthening main contractor responsibilities and subcontracting standards, and improving OSH culture, are key to ensuring that all construction workers are effectively protected.
Informed Consent as a Form of Medical Legal Responsibility in the Perspective of Patients’ Rights Fulfillment in Hospitals
The right to health constitutes a fundamental constitutional right of every citizen, as guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Within the framework of hospital-based healthcare services, this right is operationalized through the mechanism of informed consent, which functions simultaneously as a legal obligation of medical professionals and as a core instrument for safeguarding patients’ rights. This study addresses two principal research questions: first, how informed consent is implemented as a manifestation of the legal responsibility of medical professionals in ensuring the optimal fulfillment of patients’ rights in hospitals; and second, how the patient’s right to health is positioned as a central instrument in the realization of health rights within hospital services. This research adopts a normative juridical method, employing constitutional, statutory, and health regulatory approaches. The analysis is conducted through the perspectives of legal liability theory and human rights theory to assess the normative coherence and practical implications of informed consent in healthcare delivery. The findings demonstrate that informed consent extends beyond a mere administrative requirement, functioning as a legal and ethical mechanism that provides legal protection for medical professionals while ensuring patients’ rights to adequate information, personal autonomy, and equitable treatment. However, the study identifies a significant gap between well-established legal norms and their practical implementation. In practice, informed consent is frequently reduced to a procedural formality, accompanied by persistent paternalistic approaches and, in some cases, discriminatory healthcare practices. These conditions undermine the substantive realization of patients’ right to health and weaken informed consent as a meaningful instrument of rights protection within hospital settings.
Reconstruction of Local Wisdom-Based Regional Policy as A Legal Instrument for Achieving Green Governance and The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
This study aims to analyze the reconstruction of regional policy based on local wisdom as a legal instrument to achieve green governance and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The research explores how indigenous values, local knowledge systems, and socio-cultural practices can be transformed into regulatory frameworks that strengthen environmental sustainability, community participation, and ecological justice within regional development. The research applies a normative legal approach complemented by socio-legal analysis. Primary legal materials, regional regulations, and SDGs policy documents are examined through doctrinal interpretation, while empirical insights were obtained through interviews with policymakers, academics, and community leaders. The data were analyzed qualitatively to identify gaps, strengths, and the potential model of local wisdom-based policy reconstruction. The findings reveal that most regional policies remain formalistic, sectoral, and insufficiently rooted in community-based ecological values. However, local wisdom such as customary norms, collective land management, and traditional ecological rituals contains substantive principles aligned with green governance, including sustainability, balance, and participatory justice. Integrating these values into policy formulation enables regional governments to produce more inclusive regulations, enhance compliance, and accelerate SDGs indicators related to environment, law, and institutional governance. Reconstructing regional policy based on local wisdom provides a transformative legal pathway to realizing green governance and the SDGs. It strengthens regulatory legitimacy, fosters environmental accountability, and expands citizen ownership of development agendas. The study recommends the institutionalization of local wisdom into regional law-making processes through regulatory codification, multi- stakeholder dialogue, and adaptive governance models.
Human Resource Management Strategies to Accelerate Sustainable Development: An Empirical Analysis of SDGs Implementation Effectiveness in Indonesia
Purpose: This study examines how Human Resource Management (HRM) strategies contribute to accelerating sustainable development in Indonesia, with a focus on the effectiveness of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) implementation across government and organizational settings. The research aims to identify which HRM practices most significantly influence institutional capacity, stakeholder engagement, and performance outcomes related to SDG targets. Method: Using a qualitative empirical design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with key informants from governmental agencies, development institutions, and SDG task forces at national and regional levels. Thematic analysis was applied to categorize HRM strategies, including competency development, leadership enhancement, digital HR transformation, and performance-based management. Triangulation with policy documents and SDG progress reports was conducted to strengthen the validity of findings. Results: The study reveals that HRM strategies play a pivotal role in strengthening organizational readiness and enhancing the effectiveness of SDGs implementation. Competency-based training and continuous capacity-building programs significantly improve staff performance and program alignment with SDG indicators. Transformational leadership fosters cross-sector collaboration, while digital HR systems enhance transparency, monitoring, and reporting mechanisms. However, challenges remain in terms of uneven resource allocation, limited digital literacy, and inconsistent interagency coordination. Conclusion: Effective HRM strategies are crucial for accelerating Indonesia’s sustainable development agenda. Strengthening human capital, promoting adaptive leadership, and integrating digital innovation into HR processes are essential to improving SDG implementation outcomes. The study underscores the need for long-term HR policies and multi-stakeholder collaboration to ensure sustained progress toward national and global development targets.
Local Wisdom as Policy Capital: Cirebon's Disaster Resilience Model and Social Policy Reform from a Green Governance Perspective
This study analyzes the role of local wisdom as policy capital in strengthening disaster resilience and reforming social policy in Cirebon City through a green governance approach. Although not categorized as a high-vulnerability region like Sumatra, Cirebon faces increasingly complex ecological risks, including tidal flooding, coastal erosion, coastal environmental degradation, and weak social assistance distribution effectiveness. Simultaneously, the Cirebon community possesses rich local wisdom such as sedekah bumi (earth almsgiving), ngalokat cai (gathering of water), mutual cooperation (gotong royong), and communal solidarity, which have proven effective in maintaining socio-ecological balance and strengthening community adaptability. However, this cultural potential has not been optimally institutionalized in regional public policy, resulting in a gap between community social capital and top-down, administrative, technocratic policy formulation. This study uses a qualitative approach with normative analysis methods on disaster regulations and social policies, regional policy reviews, and field observations in vulnerable coastal areas of Cirebon. The research findings indicate that social and disaster policies in Cirebon have not been strategically connected to the community's cultural values and practices, thus ineffective in building long-term resilience. Conversely, local wisdom has a strong adaptive function as a basis for strengthening social capacity, community-based mitigation, and environmental governance. Based on these findings, this article proposes an integrative policy model that includes four main components: (1) formal recognition of local wisdom in public policy design; (2) transformation of social assistance into resilience-strengthening schemes; (3) institutional collaboration between the government, traditional leaders, and communities; and (4) development of green governance indicators based on community resilience. This study concludes that local wisdom is a strategic policy asset in building inclusive, ecological, and sustainable disaster management and social policies. Integrating cultural values into a green governance framework not only strengthens community resilience but also supports the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in the areas of climate action, terrestrial ecosystems, and responsive institutions.
Synergy Between Human Rights and Environmental Justice Towards Sustainable Development
This study aims to investigate the relationship between human rights and environmental justice as important prerequisites for equitable sustainable development, using normative legal methods to assess the national legal framework (UUD 1945, UU HAM, UU PPLH) and the consistency of sectoral regulations. The results of the study show that although regulations recognize the right to a healthy environment as a human right, its implementation in the field is hampered by the failure to achieve distributive and recognitive justice due to a conflict of norms between development regulations and environmental principles, which systematically undermines intergenerational responsibility and results in structural human rights violations. on the other hand, the most effective point of synergy lies in the application of procedural rights (human rights) as the key to ensuring procedural justice. Therefore, this study suggests the need for improvements in environmental governance by adopting a Rights-Based Approach, including the mandatory integration of Human Rights Impact Assessment (HRIA) equivalent to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), as well as regulatory harmonization, so that the fulfillment of human rights can be used as the main benchmark for development success and to achieve a Just Transition.
Legal Liability of Digital Wallet Providers in Cases of Crypto Asset Loss: An Empirical Legal Approach
The rapid development of cryptocurrency in Indonesia presents significant economic opportunities while also introducing substantial security risks, particularly the loss of assets due to digital wallet hacks. This study aims to analyze legal protection for cryptocurrency owners using a normative juridical and empirical approach, examining national regulatory frameworks, the liability of digital wallet providers, cybersecurity standards, and dispute resolution mechanisms. The research methodology includes literature review, analysis of legislation, examination of service provider contracts, and interviews with hack victims. The findings indicate that Indonesian regulations still categorize cryptocurrencies as commodities, resulting in limited consumer protection, unclear legal responsibilities for wallet providers, inconsistent cybersecurity standards, and ineffective dispute resolution mechanisms. Many platforms implement contractual clauses that transfer nearly all risk to users, while most hacks occur due to system vulnerabilities rather than user negligence. This study emphasizes the need for comprehensive regulations that establish minimum security standards, independent audits, compensation mechanisms, clear dispute resolution procedures, and digital literacy education for the public. The findings are expected to provide a foundation for strengthening legal frameworks and consumer protection policies for cryptocurrency in Indonesia and contribute to the theoretical development of legal liability and digital consumer protection in the blockchain era.
A Legal Study of Contributory Negligence in Medical Civil Liability
In civil medical cases, a judge can dismiss a patient's lawsuit if it is proven that the patient's negligence contributed to the harm suffered. This study aims to examine and analyze the doctrine of contributory negligence in civil medical liability and to examine and analyze the legal enforcement of medical negligence based on contributory negligence from a civil medical law perspective. The research methodology used is a normative juridical method and is analyzed descriptively and normatively through statutory and conceptual approaches. The results of the study conclude that the doctrine of contributory negligence has important implications for civil medical liability. This doctrine can also be used as a basis for determining whether the patient contributed to the harm suffered and the extent to which this affects the physician's responsibility. In enforcing medical negligence based on contributory negligence, if the judge finds evidence that the patient was also at fault and negligent, the judge can decide to dismiss the civil medical lawsuit. From this research, the author suggests the importance of patient compliance with the advice of doctors or medical personnel so that the goals of treating their illness are achieved and contributory negligence is avoided if a civil medical lawsuit occurs.
Breaking The Euthanasia Taboo through The Gateway of Medical Futility: The Concept of Pseudoeuthanasia in Indonesian Criminal Law Reform
Background: End-of-life care in Indonesia remains a legal taboo reinforced by the fear of criminal prosecution [1]. This taboo is reinforced by Articles 344 and 345 of the Old Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht) [2] and strictly maintained in Articles 461 and 462 of the new Law Number 1 of 2023 (National Criminal Code) [3], which categorize euthanasia and assisted suicide as criminal offenses. However, modern medical reality presents conditions of medical futility, where basic life support only serves to postpone death without hope of recovery [4]. The disconnect between rigid criminal law and Minister of Health Regulation No. 37 of 2014 [5], which allows for withdrawing life support, creates a legal grey area. Consequently, the concept of "futility" emerges as a potential juridical "gateway" to legalize the termination of care without falling into the delict of euthanasia [6]. Objective: This research aims to deconstruct the euthanasia taboo by formulating a legal construction where medical futility serves as a ground for criminal exclusion validating the concept of Pseudoeuthanasia. Method: This normative legal research utilizes statute and conceptual approaches to analyze the Criminal Codes (Old and New), Health Law [10], and global bioethical principles to achieve legal coherence. Arguments: Equating the withdrawal of futile support with euthanasia is a legal fallacy. Through the gateway of futility, the act is reclassified as Pseudoeuthanasia. In true euthanasia, the doctor is the cause of death; conversely, in pseudoeuthanasia, the underlying disease is the causa proxima (proximate cause), while the doctor merely ceases to impede the inevitable natural process [7]. This distinction aligns with the bioethical separation of "killing" and "letting die" [8]. Thus, medical futility nullifies the element of "unlawfulness", fulfilling the professional duty of non-maleficence [9]. Conclusion: Medical futility is the key to breaking the euthanasia taboo. It transforms the withdrawal of life support from a suspected murder into a lawful medical action protected by the Health Law [10].
The Role of Multicultural Education on Attitudes and Politeness in Language
Indonesia is a country that is rich in cultural, religious, ethnic, and linguistic diversity. With this diversity, there is a demand for understanding and appreciation of these differences. One way is with multicultural education. This study aims to find out how much the role of multicultural education in shaping attitudes and politeness in language. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a literature study method taken from the journals in the Google Scholar database. The results showed that multicultural education became a crucial approach in instilling attitudes and politeness in language as a form of respect for the diversity of culture, religion, ethnicity, and race in Indonesia. Multicultural education is integrated into the curriculum in order to form awareness of the importance of politeness in language in the context of diversity.
The 2025 Social Assistance Policy and Its Implications for Legal Certainty for the Community
Social assistance (bansos) policies are essential instruments of the state in realizing public welfare, particularly for vulnerable groups requiring social protection. However, the implementation of social assistance in 2025 reveals challenges related to legal certainty for beneficiary communities. This study aims to analyze the 2025 social assistance policy and its implications for legal certainty by examining the alignment between existing regulations and actual implementation in the field. The research employs a qualitative approach through normative-empirical analysis of relevant legislation, official reports, and documented data on the execution of social assistance programs in 2025. The results show that although the regulatory framework has been established through various legal instruments, issues such as inaccurate beneficiary data, administrative constraints, diverse distribution mechanisms, and weak supervision persist. These conditions lead to legal uncertainty and potentially hinder the fulfillment of citizens’ social rights. The discussion highlights that the gap between normative provisions and practical implementation is the main factor obstructing the realization of welfare state principles. The study concludes that strengthening regulations, harmonizing implementation processes, and improving accountability are crucial to ensure sustained legal certainty and social justice within social assistance policies.
Human Right, Justice, and Sustainable Development
This study examines the role of Indonesia’s national legal politics in integrating human rights (HAM) values and principles of justice into sustainable development policies. The study aims to analyze how legal politics shapes regulations that guarantee the protection of human rights while ensuring development is equitable and sustainable. The research employs a qualitative approach using document study, legal and regulatory analysis, and literature review related to legal politics, human rights, and sustainable development. The results indicate that Indonesia’s legal politics plays a strategic role in guiding the formulation of regulations that integrate human rights and justice through constitutional foundations, ratified international instruments, and institutional mechanisms such as the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) and the Constitutional Court. Regulations such as Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, Law No. 26 of 2000 on Human Rights Courts, as well as the Long-Term National Development Plan (RPJPN) and Medium-Term National Development Plan (RPJMN), demonstrate the operationalization of human rights and justice values in development. The study recommends strengthening the implementation of human rights-based regulations, optimizing supervisory institutions, enhancing public participation, and reforming legal politics to be more responsive to social, economic, and environmental challenges. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for policymakers and academics to reinforce the integration of human rights and justice in national development.
Liquid Organic Fertilizer Made from Fruit and Vegetable Peel Waste as An Environmentally Friendly Alternative
Liquid organic fertilizer (POC) made from household organic waste is an innovation that has the potential to reduce organic waste accumulation and support the availability of alternative fertilizers that are cost-effective and environmentally friendly. This study aims to describe the process of making POC from fruit peels and vegetable waste using a simple fermentation method, and to evaluate the potential of POC results as a source of plant nutrients. The manufacturing process is carried out by mixing 10 kg of organic waste (5 kg of fruit peels and 5 kg of vegetables), 10 liters of water, 1 kg of bran, 100 ml of molasses, and 100 ml of microorganism activator (EM4). Fermentation takes place for 7–21 days in a closed container with stirring every three days. The results show that this formulation is easy to apply on a household scale, produces nutritious liquid fertilizer, and can be applied directly or through a dilution of 1:5 to 1:10. Thus, POC from organic waste has the potential to be a solution for integrated waste management with sustainable agriculture.
Legal Certainty in The Cessation of Futile Medical Treatment for Terminally Ill Patients in Indonesian Intensive Care Units
This research analyzes legal certainty surrounding the cessation of futile medical treatment for terminally ill patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in Indonesia, focusing on the interaction between medical futility, ethical obligations, and the governing legal framework. Using a normative legal research design, the study applies statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches to evaluate Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, related regulations, professional ethics, and selected international frameworks on end-of-life decision-making. The study finds that Indonesian law recognizes patient autonomy and professional standards but remains procedurally under-specified regarding the withdrawal of non-beneficial treatment in ICU settings. This gap produces legal uncertainty for clinicians and institutions, encourages defensive medicine, and risks conflating lawful withdrawal of futile treatment with prohibited euthanasia. The paper proposes normative recommendations to clarify definitions, introduce procedural safeguards (multidisciplinary review, informed consent pathways, documentation, and ethics committee oversight), and strengthen legal protection for healthcare providers acting in good faith while safeguarding patient dignity.
Bridging Formal Law and Local Wisdom: A Systematic Literature Review on Legal Empowerment for Persons with Mental Disorders through Community Mental Health Cadres
Despite increasingly rights-based mental health and disability laws, people with mental disorders (PWMDs) in Indonesia and other low- and middle-income settings continue to experience exclusion, coercion, and practices such as pasung (restraint and confinement). This paper reviews how community mental health cadres can bridge formal legal mandates and local wisdom to advance legal empowerment and rights protection. A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA 2020. Searches were performed in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and DOAJ for peer-reviewed articles published in 2020–2025 using keywords combining mental disorders, cadres/community health workers, legal empowerment/rights, and local wisdom/culture. After screening 72 records, 9 studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized thematically. The review identified three main findings: (1) a persistent implementation gap between national prohibitions of coercion and local practices, shaped by stigma, family burden, limited services, and culturally embedded explanatory models of illness; (2) cadres act as cultural brokers who translate biomedical services and legal norms into locally acceptable support, facilitate referrals, and mediate with families and community leaders; and (3) legal empowerment is strengthened when cadre activities are coupled with rights literacy, multi-sector referral pathways (health–social–legal aid), and community accountability mechanisms. This study proposes an integrative conceptual model positioning cadres at the interface of primary health care and village governance to operationalize SDG 3 (health) and SDG 16 (justice and strong institutions) through culturally grounded, rights-based mental health care.
Legal Construction of Digital Literacy Policy in Realizing an Information-Savvy Society in the Era of Technological Disruption
The era of technological disruption has driven fundamental changes in the information ecosystem, where the production, distribution, and consumption of information are massive, rapid, and uncontrolled. This situation poses serious challenges in the form of misinformation, disinformation, social polarization, exploitation of personal data, and low public critical capacity to participate in the digital public sphere. In this context, digital literacy is a strategic instrument for building an information-savvy society capable of adapting to technological developments while maintaining democratic values and digital security. This study aims to analyze the legal construction of digital literacy policy in Indonesia, identify weaknesses in the existing regulatory framework, and formulate a legal model that is more comprehensive, integrative, and responsive to technological dynamics. The research method uses a juridiconormative approach enriched with conceptual analysis and qualitative studies of policy documents, laws and regulations, academic literature, and international practices. The results show that digital literacy policy in Indonesia remains fragmented across various sectoral legal instruments without a strong regulatory umbrella, resulting in a lack of synchronization between institutions, weak competency standardization, and low implementation effectiveness. Analysis using good governance theory, public sphere theory (Habermas), and public policy theory reveals the need for a legal construction model that emphasizes the principles of inclusivity, multi-actor participation, privacy protection, digital security, and the fulfillment of human rights to information. This research proposes a digital legal literacy framework model based on umbrella regulations, the establishment of a national digital literacy institution, and the integration of a digital literacy curriculum into the national education system. These findings provide theoretical contributions to the development of a digital legal paradigm and practical implications for policymakers in designing adaptive and sustainable digital literacy governance. Thus, appropriate legal construction is expected to strengthen societal resilience and ensure the creation of an information-savvy society amidst accelerating technological disruption.
The Relationship Between Tax Sanctions and Taxpayer Compliance
This study aims to examine the relationship between tax sanctions and taxpayer compliance in Cirebon Regency. The research employs a mixed-method approach by combining quantitative and qualitative methods involving 81 respondents. Data collection was conducted from July to September 2025. Quantitative data were analyzed using statistical tests, while qualitative data were analyzed descriptively. The results indicate that tax sanctions have a significant effect on taxpayer compliance. The implementation of firm and consistent sanctions has been proven to increase taxpayer compliance in fulfilling tax obligations. In addition, tax socialization and education not only function as coercive instruments but also serve as developmental tools to promote sustainable taxpayer compliance.
Beyond Taste: How Emotional Bonds and Behavioral Habits Drive Repurchase Intention in Heritage Food Brand
Understanding repeat purchase drivers in established culinary brands is critical as classical sensory marketing assumptions may not apply universally across market maturity stages. In mature markets where brands have operated for decades, the relative importance of functional, emotional, and habitual mechanisms remains inadequately explored, creating a significant knowledge gap in consumer behavior literature. This study examines and compares the relative influence of taste, brand attachment, and consumer inertia on repurchase intention in heritage food brands, investigating whether sensory attributes maintain predictive dominance or whether emotional and habitual mechanisms eclipse functional drivers. Data were collected from 150 repeat customers of Sekarmaju heritage food stall in Cirebon, Indonesia, through structured questionnaires. The study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4.0, using bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples to test four hypotheses examining direct effects individually and simultaneously. Results challenge classical sensory marketing assumptions. Taste shows no significant effect (β = 0.008, p = 0.896), while brand attachment emerges as the strongest predictor (β = 0.531, p < 0.001, f² = 0.383), followed by consumer inertia (β = 0.431, p < 0.001, f² = 0.210). The model explains 84.5% of variance (R² = 0.845). In heritage brands, taste shifts from motivator to hygiene factor, with emotional bonding and behavioral automaticity constituting more powerful retention mechanisms. Findings identify boundary conditions in sensory marketing theory, suggesting established businesses should prioritize relationship building over product improvements. This extends consumer behavior theory by demonstrating lifecycle effects fundamentally alter purchase driver importance.
The Role of SP2DK in Monitoring Value-Added Tax (VAT) Compliance in Indonesia: Conceptual Analysis, Challenges, and Solutions
This study aims to analyze the relationship between SP2DK and VAT, including issues that arise in its implementation, through a review of international literature, domestic regulations, and previous research. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, questionnaires distributed to 78 PKP, interviews were conducted with 10 PKP during field surveys A Letter Requesting Explanation of Data and/or Information (SP2DK) is an administrative clarification instrument used by tax authorities to assess the accuracy of taxpayer reporting in the self-assessment system. In the context of Value Added Tax (VAT), SP2DK is crucial because the multi-stage VAT structure is highly sensitive to data mismatches and tax invoice discrepancies. The implementation of SP2DK faces several problems, including inaccurate transaction data quality, input errors in e-Invoices, and poor taxpayer understanding regarding Input Tax crediting. Another issue arises from taxpayers' perception that SP2DK constitutes a form of administrative pressure approaching an audit, leading to resistance and discomfort during the clarification process. Furthermore, the tax authorities' capacity to analyze VAT transaction patterns and interpret data mismatches also poses a barrier to ensuring the effectiveness of SP2DK. (The study shows that although SP2DK plays an important role in improving VAT compliance through non-audit clarification, its effectiveness is heavily influenced by data quality, taxpayer understanding, and tax authorities' capacity. SP2DK has proven to be an effective, non-coercive administrative instrument in improving VAT compliance among MSMEs, especially when combined with e-Invoice digitalization and taxpayer education. This study confirms that the integration of administrative clarification, digitalization, and tax authorities' oversight can reduce the risk of VAT fraud and increase voluntary compliance.
The Effect of Management Control Systems on Company Performance
This study aims to analyze the effect of the Management Control System (MCS) on firm performance. The research was conducted in manufacturing companies located in West Java, Indonesia, involving 73 respondents from various managerial levels. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with the Partial Least Squares approach (SEM-PLS). This study was conducted because, although MCS is widely acknowledged as a crucial tool for aligning operational activities with strategic objectives, there is limited empirical evidence on how its implementation directly affects firm performance in Indonesian manufacturing companies, particularly in coping with dynamic market conditions, operational uncertainties, and the need for continuous innovation.The results indicate that the implementation of MCS plays a positive and significant role in improving firm performance. These findings highlight the importance for management to design, implement, and continuously refine adaptive, well-structured, and effective control systems that not only enhance operational efficiency and informed decision-making but also foster employee engagement, innovation, accountability, and long-term organizational resilience in a highly competitive and rapidly changing business environment.
Legal Analysis of The Differences in Perspectives on The Terminology of Medical Malpractice in Indonesia
Medical malpractice is defined as the failure of a doctor to adhere to the standards of practice established by their profession, resulting in injury to the patient. However, in public discussions, this term is tendentious and tends to discredit the medical profession. Some health/medical law experts have no objection to the discussion of the term malpractice in the public discourse, while others reject it. There are difference views on the terminology of malpractice from a legal perspective. The purpose of this study is to conduct a juridical review of the use of the term "malpractice" in public sphere, between those who support its use represented by Prof. Dr. Sutan Remy Sjahdeini, SH—and those who oppose it—represented by Dr. dr. Nasser, SpD.V.E, D.Law. The type of research employed in this study is normative juridical research, a research approach grounded in legal norms and data obtained through a literature review. The conclusions of this study are, first, Prof. Remy states that medical malpractice can be committed by medical personnel (doctors) either intentionally or due to negligence. Meanwhile, Dr. Nasser firmly states that medical malpractice contains elements of negligence, not intent. Second, Prof. Remy acknowledges that the term malpractice is used in countries with Civil Law systems like Indonesia in the context of General Criminal Acts, even though this terminology, in its original country (common law), falls under civil law as a tort. Third, Dr. Nasser rejects the narrative of malpractice accusations in the public sphere because this term should ideally be used as a judge's decision in court proceedings, is not found in Indonesian legislation, and is not part of the Civil Law system adopted by our country.
Legal and Ethical Review Physicians' Personal Branding on Social Media from A Patient Safety Perspective
The development of information technology has driven the phenomenon of personal branding of doctors on social media. Doctors utilize digital platforms to introduce themselves, provide health education, and expand their audience reach. While this phenomenon supports the public's right to accurate health information, it also poses legal risks in the form of disinformation, violations of patient privacy, and potential reductions in patient safety. This study aims to analyze Indonesia's positive legal framework governing personal branding activities of doctors on social media and examine legal measures that can be taken to maintain patient safety. The research method used is a normative legal research method with a statutory and conceptual approach. Primary legal materials include the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions in conjunction with Law Number 19 of 2016, and the Personal Data Protection Law of 2022. Secondary legal materials include literature, journals, and expert opinions on health law, cyber law, and consumer protection. The analysis was conducted qualitatively by interpreting applicable norms and relating them to the practice of personal branding of doctors on social media. The research findings indicate that although there are no specific regulations regarding physician personal branding on social media, the principles of Indonesian positive law already provide a normative basis for assessing such activities. Physicians' right to express themselves is guaranteed by the constitution but is limited by legal obligations to ensure patient safety, information accuracy, and personal data protection. This study recommends the establishment of integrative and responsive national technical regulations, a coordinated inter-agency oversight mechanism, and increased legal and digital literacy for medical personnel. Thus, the phenomenon of physician personal branding on social media can be directed as a positive instrument to improve public health literacy while protecting patient safety. The regulation of physician personal branding on social media is essentially subject to the provisions of laws and regulations in the fields of health and information technology. Law No. 17 of 2023 concerning Health emphasizes that all medical personnel, including doctors, are obliged to uphold professional ethics, maintain the quality of health services, and protect the public from misleading practices. This means that personal branding carried out by doctors on social media must remain within the boundaries of professionalism, must not give rise to misleading information, and must not lead to excessive promotion that contradicts the medical code of ethics. The latest ITE Law provides a stricter legal framework for social media activities. Law No. 1 of 2024 concerning the second amendment to the ITE Law stipulates that everyone, including doctors, is prohibited from disseminating information that is misleading, violates morality, or harms others through electronic media. Therefore, physician personal branding on social media must ensure that the content disseminated does not conflict with these legal provisions, whether related to patient data protection, the right to privacy, or the prohibition on disseminating false information. The integration of these two legal regimes demonstrates that physician personal branding on social media is permissible as long as it is conducted ethically, professionally, and legally. Personal branding should be directed at providing health education to the public, increasing public trust in the medical profession, and supporting the transparency of health information. Therefore, the legal regulation regarding physician personal branding on social media emphasizes a balance between physicians' rights to express themselves and innovate in utilizing technology, with the obligation to maintain professionalism and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Therefore, the combination of articles from the 2023 Health Law (Articles 184 & 408) and the 2024 Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) (Articles 27, 28, and 40) provides a clear legal basis that physician personal branding on social media is permissible as long as it is ethical, informative, and does not violate regulations. A doctor's right to build a personal brand on social media is recognized as part of freedom of expression and professional development, but it is not absolute. Law No. 17 of 2023 concerning Health, specifically Article 184 paragraph (1), emphasizes that every medical professional is obliged to uphold professional ethics, maintain the quality of service, and protect patients from potential harm. Therefore, legal measures that can be taken include placing personal branding within the corridor of medical ethics and health regulations, so that branding remains educational and informative without compromising patient safety. Law No. 1 of 2024 concerning ITE provides a legal basis for physician behavior in the digital realm. Article 28 paragraph (1) prohibits the dissemination of false information that could harm consumers in electronic transactions, while Article 40 authorizes the government to remove violating content. This means that legal measures that can be taken include the implementation of digital supervision by the government and professional organizations to ensure that doctors' personal branding does not contain misleading medical claims, does not violate patient privacy, and does not harm the public. This is through state supervision based on the Health Law and the ITE Law, which regulates the protection of patients and the public from misleading practices on social media. With complementary ethical and legal mechanisms, doctors' rights to build their personal brands remain protected, while patient safety is assured. Therefore, the ideal legal effort is to harmonize health regulations and digital regulations, allowing doctors' personal branding to develop healthily and benefit public health literacy without compromising patient safety.
Integration of Local Wisdom in Population Preparedness Education: A Legal and Policy Analysis at DPPKBP3A Cirebon District
Population Alert Education (PSK) is a strategic instrument for improving demographic literacy and reproductive health, but its effectiveness depends on its alignment with the local socio-cultural context. This study evaluates the integration of local wisdom in the PSK program in Cirebon Regency and the alignment of its implementation with the population law framework. Using a mixed-methods concurrent triangulation design, the study combined regulatory analysis, observations of nine culture-based PSK sessions, in-depth interviews with 31 key informants, and a pre-post survey of 120 participants. The results indicate that cultural integration through the values of tata titi krama (traditional customs), deliberation (musyawarah), narratives of the Cirebon Palace, and the role of traditional leaders and religious scholars (ulama) significantly contributed to increased participant literacy: family planning knowledge (+34 percentage points), understanding of the risks of early marriage (+37), and readiness to discuss KRR (+34), all significant (p < 0.01). The cultural approach also increased acceptance, reduced resistance, and strengthened the program's social legitimacy. However, this integration is not supported by an adequate normative basis in regional policies, leaving it dependent on the initiatives of extension workers and informal networks, leading to variations across regions. This research proposes a "Culturally Embedded Demographic Education Framework" model and recommends strengthening regulations, developing official culture-based modules, and ethnopedagogical training for extension workers. These findings enrich the literature on culture-based population education and provide policy direction that can be replicated in similar regions.
Local Wisdom Integration and Teaching Readiness among Pre-Service Elementary Teachers
This study aims to evaluate the teaching readiness of prospective elementary school teachers in integrating local wisdom into thematic learning. The study uses an observational design with an evaluative quantitative approach and is cross-sectional in nature. The study participants consisted of 44 final-year students of the Elementary School Teacher Education Program (PGSD) who were selected using total sampling technique. Data were collected through a questionnaire on teaching readiness based on the integration of local wisdom, which covered four pedagogical dimensions, namely lesson planning, lesson implementation, media development, and authentic assessment. Data analysis was conducted descriptively and inferentially using repeated measures ANOVA and independent t-tests. The results showed that students' teaching readiness was in the moderate to high category, with significant differences between dimensions of readiness. The highest readiness was found in the aspect of lesson planning, while the lowest readiness was found in the aspect of authentic assessment based on local wisdom. In addition, students who had teaching experience showed a higher level of readiness than students without teaching experience. These findings indicate that teaching readiness is a multidimensional construct that develops unevenly and is greatly influenced by practical experience. This study has important implications for the development of teacher education curricula that emphasize the integration of local wisdom in an applied and contextual manner.
Legal Analysis of Online Health Consultation through Artificial Intelligence-Based Mental Health Chatbot from the Perspective of Legal Certainty
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has given rise to new innovations in mental health services through the use of chatbots as a means of online consultation. However, this progress raises complex legal issues due to the lack of regulations that explicitly govern the legal status and responsibilities of AI systems in providing healthcare services. This study aims to analyze the legal regulations regarding the use of AI-based mental health chatbots and examine legal certainty in online healthcare consultation practices in Indonesia. The method used is normative juridical research, examining relevant laws, doctrines, and legal literature. The results indicate that to date, there are no regulations specifically governing the use of mental health chatbots. Existing regulations are scattered across several general regulations, such as Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, and Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health. The absence of these specific norms creates legal uncertainty, particularly regarding the responsibilities of providers, personal data protection, and guarantees of user psychological safety. This study concludes that legal certainty regarding the use of artificial intelligence-based mental health chatbots is still weak because positive law has not been able to accommodate the dynamics of developing technology.
The Influence of Word of Mouth and Location on Consumer Purchase Interest at The Arinda Tempe Factory Mekarsari Village Kadipaten District Majalengka Regency
This research aims to analyze the influence of word of mouth and location on consumer buying interest at the Arinda tempe factory, Mekarsari Village, Kadipaten District, Majalengka Regency, either simultaneously or partially. In this research the independent variables are word of mouth (X1) and location (X2) while the dividend variable is consumer buying interest (Y). The technique used in sampling is non-probability sampling. The type of data used in this research is primary data. Data collection techniques use questionnaires. The data analysis techniques used in this research are classical assumption test analysis, multiple linear regression, and hypothesis testing (t test and F test). The results of research processed using the SPPS Version 24.00 for Windows program show that the R Square value is 0.613, meaning 61.3%. The consumer buying interest variable can be explained by the independent variables in word of mouth and location research while the remaining 38.7% is explained by the variable others that were not studied or were not included in this regression model. The results of the simultaneous test (F Test) show a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, word of mouth (X1) and location (X2) simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on consumer buying interest (Y) in shopping at the Arinda tempe factory, Mekarsari Village, Kadipaten District Majalengka Regency. The results of the partial test (T Test) show that the significance value of word of mouth (X1) is 0.002 < 0.05, the calculated t value is 3.210 > t table 1.66105, meaning that word of mouth has a positive and significant effect on consumer buying interest (Y), the significant value is location (X2) 0.000 < 0.05 t value 5.855 < t table 1.66105 meaning that location has a positive and significant effect on consumer buying interest (Y) in shopping at the Arinda tempe factory, Mekarsari Village, Kadipaten District, Majalengka Regency.
Customer Loyalty Reinforcement through Customer Relationship Management and Customer Value: Evidence From PT. Pos Indonesia Majalengka
This research aims to determine the influence of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and customer value on customer loyalty at PT Pos Indonesia (Persero), Majalengka Branch. The urgency of this study stems from increasing competition in the logistics and postal service industry, requiring companies to strengthen customer loyalty through effective relationship management and enhanced customer value. This study employed a descriptive and verificative quantitative approach, using questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents. Data analysis techniques included validity testing, reliability testing, multiple regression analysis, multiple correlation analysis, coefficient of determination (R²), and hypothesis testing using t-test and F-test. The results indicate that CRM, customer value, and customer loyalty at PT Pos Indonesia (Persero) Majalengka Branch are in the good category. Partially, CRM has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, and customer value also has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. Customer value is the most influential variable contributing 32.2% to loyalty, followed by CRM contributing 21.5%, resulting in a total influence of 53.7%. The remaining 46.3% is affected by other variables not examined in this study. Therefore, improving CRM strategies and customer value plays a crucial role in strengthening customer loyalty.
Legal Governance in Facing the Challenges of a Sustainable Digital Economy in Indonesia: A Case Study of Personal Data Protection Based on Law Number 27 of 2022 Concerning Personal Data Protection
The development of the digital economy in Indonesia faces major challenges in maintaining sustainability through effective legal governance, particularly personal data protection as stipulated in Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (PDP Law). This study aims to analyze legal governance in addressing the challenges of a sustainable digital economy in Indonesia, with a focus on personal data protection under Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection. This study analyzes the legal framework through a normative juridical approach using case studies of digital practices vulnerable to data leaks, such as e-commerce platforms, to identify regulatory gaps and their implementation in support of a sustainable digital economy. The analysis shows that the PDP Law provides a strong foundation for strengthening business accountability and public digital literacy, but challenges such as limited institutional capacity and consumer awareness continue to hamper its effectiveness. The case study reveals weaknesses in the data security system that require the adoption of international practices such as the GDPR to create a safe and trusted digital ecosystem. The study recommends strengthening regulations, increasing institutional oversight, and integrating educational programs as strategic steps to improve the effectiveness of personal data protection in supporting the development of an inclusive and sustainable digital economy in Indonesia.
Designing An Urban Green Village Model as A Catalyst for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Social and Economic Sectors
This research was conducted to demonstrate that efforts to realize self-sufficient villages in densely populated urban areas can be achieved through the green urban village model. Urban villages are densely populated residential areas that function to support industrial zones. Environmental conservation movements within urban village areas serve as fundamental social capital in strengthening community resilience in the face of social, economic, and environmental changes, particularly in mitigating disaster risks such as flooding, which frequently occurs in urban areas. These objectives can only be realized through the authoritative role of government in the realm of public policy, especially through the formulation and implementation of necessary policy interventions. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method by reviewing the literature and applying a case study approach as well as comparative analysis relevant to the research topic. The findings confirm that community-based greening policies at the neighborhood level are capable of building environmental and social resilience while simultaneously reducing economic dependency in urban areas. By strengthening self-reliance capacity, such initiatives contribute to narrowing urban socio-economic disparities and supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).