DEIXIS IN JOE BIDEN'S SPEECH INAUGURATION

The objective of this study is to identify the kinds of deixes behind the inauguration address of President Joe Biden and to identify the significance of them are shown in the most prevalent deictic words in the Inaugural Speech of Joe Biden. In addition, The study investigates the contribution this research provides to pragmatics teaching. Descriptive qualitative method was employed for data analysis, because it examines the various kinds of deixis seen in this speech. The researchers have written the speech into script, analyzed the deixis utilized, identified the type of deixis, and figure out the deixis contributions in pragmatics class. The findings revealed that three deixis, namely personal, spatial, and temporal deixis were identified in the inauguration address of Joe Biden; Personal deixis (67% data), spatial deixis (21% data) temporal deixis (12% data). After analyzing the three types of deixis in the speech of Joe Biden, the researchers has concluded that in first person deixis the term we become the most commonly used. As President of the United States, he represents the people of the United States in carrying out specified tasks and taking measures that benefit the country. The explanations of deixis also indicated that personal deixis was the most significant type to be found in Joe Biden’s speech inauguration. This research can be utilized by lecturers in particular in the deixis field as teaching material on pragmatics. The research is intended to inform students of the fact that analysis of pragmatics is a solution for those who take a lesson in university


Introduction
Deixis is concerned with encoding many distinct features of the elements that influence the utterances into the utterances themselves. Natural language utterances are therefore intimately connected to a component of the context. Additionally, In the same vein, Birner (2013) In his book, it is not enough to know what the words meant by what they said, that we also need to know who uttered the statement and in what context. . Knowing why they spoke it and what they meant for us to understand, they do not need to know the added meanings of the words. students cannot understand what teachers are saying in several interactions with teachers and students in classrooms frequently unless they understand the context. Leong & Ahmadi (2017) defines that many language learners struggle to express themselves during interaction activities. Teachers cannot understand the utterances produced by students if they do not know who, whom, where, and when they communicate with.
The review on the deixis have been elaborated by some authors like Febriza (2020).
This explanation aims to analyze the five categories of online newspaper of deixis in Jakarta Post, that were place deixis, person deixis, time deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis. He observed that most personal deixis in the online newspaper are used significantly. 928 words were reported as result of a deixis study in an online newspaper: 70% of person deixes, 12% of temporal deixes, 10% of discourse deixis, 5% of social deixis, and 3% of spatial deixis. This research is part of qualitative research using the descriptive method.
Deixis scope is also in a border of religion literature such and Koran and Bible. Azzahra While, (Anugrah, 2018) who studied the types and choice of deictic expressions in the Story Selected From Christian Bible, Genesis. In her study, she used the descriptive qualitative method, because it analyzed the types of deixis found in the Christian Bible, Genesis chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. The deixis most often used in this finding is person deixis with 192 data (39.91 %). Followed by place deixis 103 data (21.41 %). The social deixis appears 83 (17.25 percent), while the time deixis appears 66 (13.72 %). Then there is discourse deixis with the frequency of 36 data (7.69 %). It was concluded that deixis expresses and should be expressed contextually and pragmatically, the connection between language structure and context cannot be divided.
Moreover, the researchers prefer to choose spoken text than written text in deixis since the written text is been analyzed by another researchers. The notion of deixis assists researcherss in discovering and recovering the materiality of a text about spoken speechmaking that reacts symbolically to ties language to context in a recognizable way. The more we learn about context, the more we grasp it (Prasch, 2016). The researcher uses speech as spoken text and prefers Joe Biden's speech inauguration as a subject of this study. The problems may also arise before Joe Biden delivering his speech or can appear linguistic or non-linguistic due to their public-speaking problems.

Methods
This research was a qualitative research which explains the design of research as special processes, such as collecting data, generating reports and analyzing data. According to Susanto et al., (2019) a qualitative technique that has qualified the researchers for more than one type of data collection. Deixis was the focus of this study. The researchers used Stephen C Levinson's theory to carry out this deixis analysis.
The source of the data for this investigation is from the language documents released in BBC News on Youtube on 21 January 2021. The data was taken from https://youtu.be/j3a6n_1owPY. Since in Joe Biden's address the researchers analyzed deixis, the population of this research was all of utterances in every word from Joe Biden. The researchers has written the speech into script, analyzed the deixes utilized, identified the type of deixes, and figure out the deixis contributions in pragmatics class. The method of collecting data was used by analyzing the video of the speech, so the researchers used the non-participant observation method.

Person Deixis
The dominant person deixis that was used in Biden's statement was First Person. The first person was 83%, while second and third person were 8% and 9% (See Chart 1).
Biden's statement was dominated by the deixis We (36%), Our (15%), I (12%), Us (10%), My (8%), and Me (3%). While, the result of second person was dominated by deixis you (6%) and third person were they (3%) and their (3%). First person deixis in English is I for subject, my for possessive adjective, me for object, and last mine for possessive pronoun. Meanwhile me and mine rarely used by the speaker. We become the most dominant used by Joe Biden. We refers to Joe Biden as the point who represents himself and the audience to work together to overcome the deadly virus. Furthermore, Joe Biden using we to emphasize that to overcome the deadly virus is everyone's task not only the speaker certain of people. Everybody can overcome this deadly virus.
Furthermore, Flores-Ferrán (2017) also points out that a speaker uses we to index distinct listeners or groups, or may utilize this form for self-reference. Thus, a politician's choice of pronouns influences how she or he argues and how an audience is engaged.
I and my refer to Joe Biden who is speaking currently to express his opinion about something, his feeling and show his performance as president United States to overcome American's challenges. Joe biden as the speaker here is the deictic center.
The word we become the most used in first person deixis Due to his position as President of United States, he represents the people of the USA to accomplish specific activities and take actions that improves the country. The president remained very powerful and extremely dominant during the speech to convince the audience to do whatever he wanted. It seems that while uttering these words Biden focused on collecting the country's broken parts and gathering them against the ideas of the past president. Mwinwelle et al., (2018) defines Person deixis plays a very crucial part in 83% 8%

First Person
Second Person political campaign speeches. It may be utilized to express the identity of the speaker by the way he refers to himself, his adversary and his audience.

Person Deixis
The top five of spatial deixis findings in Biden's statement are this (50%), those (13%), here (10%), there (10%) and come (9%). According to Grundy (2013), in place deixis indicating location of the utterence in which their occur. There are proximal demonstrative (this /these) and distal demonstrative (those/that). Biden's speech contains place diexis, such as "Here we stand, in the shadow of a Capitol dome that was completed amid the Civil War, when the Union itself hung in the balance". The first word here indicated as proximal deixis because the place is near from the speaker. Joe Biden delivered speech in Capitol Plaza in Washington, D.C. and more emphasize by saying that the speaker and addressees stand together in Capitol. Rahmi (2018) observed that the term here is taken as a movement towards the speaker. Whereas, Stawarska (2008) analyzed While 'here' refers to the speaker's location at the moment of the statement.

Time Deixis
The common time deixis was used in this study was Today (20%), now (11%), next (5%). The others time deixis had 2% each (seen chart 3). week, this afternoon, yesterday, today, and many more. In other words, time deixis is a statement that connects to a specific moment when the speaker's utterances were created. The audience grasp when the time comes and influence the understanding of the entire speech.

Frequency of Deixis
The personal deixis is commonly dominated used in Biden's speech (67%). The second is spatial deixis and the rest is temporal deixis.
The total of Deixis analysis in Joe Biden's speech inauguration shows, person deixis was used 250 times with 67%, spatial (place) deixis was used 80 times and has percentage 21%, and the last temporal (time) deixis is used 44 times and with percentage 12%. The total analysis in Joe Biden's speech inauguration is 374 times and have percentage 100% during giving his speech for about 22 minutes.

Conclusion & Recommendation
Personal deixis is concluded as the main findings. The highest utilized in Joe Biden speech inauguration is the first-person pronoun deixis. It appeared as though the kind of text is uttered so that Joe Biden has to project the first person's deixis, as well as because Joe Biden decides to mention the first-person plural. The word we used the most in the first person is because of his position in the United States as President who represents the people of the United States for the welfare of the country. During the address, the President was highly powerful and dominant in convincing the public to do whatever he was willing to accomplish. This study enables future researchers to do similar Deixis study investigating further about deixis theory of personal deixis, spatial deixis and temporal deixis.

References
Abdulameer, T. A. S. A. (2019). A pragmatic analysis of deixis in a religious text.

Conflict of Interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported.

About author
Marlinda is a student of English Education Department of Universitas PGRI Semarang.
She is available at adnilram19@gmail.com Dias Andris Susanto is a lecturer of English education department at Universitas PGRI Semarang, Indonesia.